These facts are examples of the transfer of heat by convection.
Unlike conduction, in convection it is the material itself that moves, therefore you can't have
convection in a solid.
In liquids and gases convection takes place because the
hotter, low-density fluid rises taking the heat energy with it - this is called a convection
current. The bigger the surface area of an object the more air can move round it in
convection currents and the faster it will cool. Think of the motorbike cooling fins.
In the photograph the candle flames are bending inwards. This
is because there is an updraft of air at the centre and this is drawing in cold air from the
sides pushing the flames towards the centre.
You can demonstrate convection by
the following simple experiments.
Experiments
1. Convection in water
Fill a beaker with cold water and then carefully
drop a few crystals of potassium permanganate into it so that they fall close to one side of
the beaker. Now heat the base of the beaker just under where the crystals have
fallen.
You should see the colour rise up this side, go across the top and then fall down
the other side of the beaker — this is a convection current.
You can also use the
special piece of apparatus shown in the diagram. It is a "square " glass tube filled with water.
Drop a crystal of potassium permanganate into the top and then heat one of the bottom
corners gently. You will see the colour begin to move round the tube going down the limb
opposite the heating and then rising up the other side above the Bunsen due to convection
currents in the water.
2. Convection in air
(a) simply hold your
hand above the bunsen flame. You can easily feel the hot air rising.(b) Use the apparatus shown in the diagram. Light the candle and then
hold a piece of smouldering paper or string over the top of the other chimney.
The
smoke should be pulled down that chimney and rise up the other chimney with the hot air
above the candle.
3. Make a small rotor out of aluminium foil and
hold it above a bunsen burner to test the effect of the convection currents in the
air.
What is actually is convection?
Convection occurs because the air (or other fluid) is heated, expands, becomes
less dense and so rises through the more dense colder air
